Paper

Implicit Same-Sex Couple Representation in Open-Ended Narratives from Eight Contemporary Language Models

Kurt Boden · WorldCal Independent Research · sfkurt27@gmail.com · August 2026

Licensed CC BY 4.0 for WorldCal-authored text.

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When a language model is asked to write an ordinary story about a couple living in the United States, and the prompt never states the couple’s gender composition, how often is that couple explicitly same-sex? This paper measures that implicit representation in open-ended narratives from eight contemporary models, separately for married and unmarried-cohabiting frames, with ACS couple-household shares as empirical references rather than normative targets.

Cite: Boden, K. (2026). Implicit same-sex couple representation in open-ended narratives from eight contemporary language models. WorldCal Independent Research.